| --all | Note - this option does not enable --use-dynamic itself, so if that option is not present on the command line then dynamic symbols and dynamic relocs will not be displayed. |
| --file-header | Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the file. |
| --segments | Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers, if it has any. |
| --quiet | Suppress "no symbols" diagnostic. |
| --section-headers | Displays the information contained in the file's section headers, if it has any. |
| --section-groups | Displays the information contained in the file's section groups, if it has any. |
| --section-details | Displays the detailed section information. Implies -S. |
| --syms | Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it has one. If a symbol has version information associated with it then this is displayed as well. The version string is displayed as a suffix to the symbol name, preceded by an @ character. For example foo@VER_1. If the version is the default version to be used when resolving unversioned references to the symbol then it is displayed as a suffix preceded by two @ characters. For example foo@@VER_2. |
| --dyn-syms | Displays the entries in dynamic symbol table section of the file, if it has one. The output format is the same as the format used by the --syms option. |
| --lto-syms | Displays the contents of any LTO symbol tables in the file. |
| --sym-base | Forces the size field of the symbol table to use the given base. Any unrecognized options will be treated as 0. --sym-base=0 represents the default and legacy behaviour. This will output sizes as decimal for numbers less than 100000. For sizes 100000 and greater hexadecimal notation will be used with a 0x prefix. --sym-base=8 will give the symbol sizes in octal. --sym-base=10 will always give the symbol sizes in decimal. --sym-base=16 will always give the symbol sizes in hexadecimal with a 0x prefix. |
| --demangle | Decode (demangle) low-level symbol names into user-level names. This makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. |
| --no-demangle | Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default. |
| --no-recursion-limit | The default is for this limit to be enabled, but disabling it may be necessary in order to demangle truly complicated names. Note however that if the recursion limit is disabled then stack exhaustion is possible and any bug reports about such an event will be rejected. |
| --unicode | Using the --unicode=escape option will display the characters as as unicode escape sequences (\uxxxx). Using the --unicode=hex will display the characters as hex byte sequences enclosed between angle brackets. Using the --unicode=highlight will display the characters as unicode escape sequences but it will also highlighted them in red, assuming that colouring is supported by the output device. The colouring is intended to draw attention to the presence of unicode sequences when they might not be expected. |
| --extra-sym-info | Enabling this option effectively enables the --wide option as well, at least when displaying symbol information. |
| --no-extra-sym-info | Disables the effect of the --extra-sym-info option. This is the default. |
| --headers | Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to -h -l -S. |
| --notes | Displays the contents of the NOTE segments and/or sections, if any. |
| --relocs | Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has one. |
| --unwind | Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one. Only the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files, as well as ARM unwind tables (".ARM.exidx" / ".ARM.extab") are currently supported. If support is not yet implemented for your architecture you could try dumping the contents of the .eh_frames section using the --debug-dump=frames or --debug-dump=frames-interp options. |
| --dynamic | Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one. |
| --version-info | Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they exist. |
| --arch-specific | Displays architecture-specific information in the file, if there is any. |
| --use-dynamic | When displaying relocations, this option makes readelf display the dynamic relocations rather than the static relocations. |
| --enable-checks | Displays warning messages about possible problems with the file(s) being examined. If used on its own then all of the contents of the file(s) will be examined. If used with one of the dumping options then the warning messages will only be produced for the things being displayed. |
| --hex-dump | Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal bytes. A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file. This option can be repeated multiple times on the command line in order to request multiple hex dumps. |
| --relocated-dump | Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal bytes. A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file. The contents of the section will be relocated before they are displayed. This option can be repeated multiple times on the command line in order to request multiple relocated dumps. |
| --string-dump | Displays the contents of the indicated section as printable strings. A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file. This option can be repeated multiple times on the command line in order to request multiple string dumps. |
| --display-section | A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name in the input file(s). This option can be repeated multiple times on the command line in order to request multiple section dumps. |
| --decompress | Requests that the section(s) being dumped by x, R or p options are decompressed before being displayed. If the section(s) are not compressed then they are displayed as is. |
| --archive-index | Displays the file symbol index information contained in the header part of binary archives. Performs the same function as the t command to ar, but without using the BFD library. |
| --debug-dump | Displays the contents of the DWARF debug sections in the file, if any are present. Compressed debug sections are automatically decompressed (temporarily) before they are displayed. If one or more of the optional letters or words follows the switch then only those type(s) of data will be dumped. The letters and words refer to the following information: |
| "=abbrev" | Displays the contents of the .debug_abbrev section. |
| "=addr" | Displays the contents of the .debug_addr section. |
| "=cu_index" | Displays the contents of the .debug_cu_index and/or .debug_tu_index sections. |
| "=frames" | Display the raw contents of a .debug_frame section. |
| "=frames-interp" | Display the interpreted contents of a .debug_frame section. |
| "=gdb_index" | Displays the contents of the .gdb_index and/or .debug_names sections. |
| "=info" | Displays the contents of the .debug_info section. Note: the output from this option can also be restricted by the use of the --dwarf-depth and --dwarf-start options. |
| "=links" | Displays the contents of the .gnu_debuglink, .gnu_debugaltlink and .debug_sup sections, if any of them are present. Also displays any links to separate dwarf object files (dwo), if they are specified by the DW_AT_GNU_dwo_name or DW_AT_dwo_name attributes in the .debug_info section. |
| "=follow-links" | In addition, when displaying DWARF attributes, if a form is found that references the separate debug info file, then the referenced contents will also be displayed. Note - in some distributions this option is enabled by default. It can be disabled via the N debug option. The default can be chosen when configuring the binutils via the --enable-follow-debug-links=yes or --enable-follow-debug-links=no options. If these are not used then the default is to enable the following of debug links. Note - if support for the debuginfod protocol was enabled when the binutils were built then this option will also include an attempt to contact any debuginfod servers mentioned in the DEBUGINFOD_URLS environment variable. This could take some time to resolve. This behaviour can be disabled via the =do-not-use-debuginfod debug option. |
| "=no-follow-links" | Disables the following of links to separate debug info files. |
| "=use-debuginfod" | Enables contacting debuginfod servers if there is a need to follow debug links. This is the default behaviour. |
| "=do-not-use-debuginfod" | Disables contacting debuginfod servers when there is a need to follow debug links. |
| "=rawline" | Displays the contents of the .debug_line section in a raw format. |
| "=decodedline" | Displays the interpreted contents of the .debug_line section. |
| "=macro" | Displays the contents of the .debug_macro and/or .debug_macinfo sections. |
| "=loc" | Displays the contents of the .debug_loc and/or .debug_loclists sections. |
| "=str-offsets" | Displays the contents of the .debug_str_offsets section. |
| "=pubnames" | Displays the contents of the .debug_pubnames and/or .debug_gnu_pubnames sections. |
| "=aranges" | Displays the contents of the .debug_aranges section. |
| "=Ranges" | Displays the contents of the .debug_ranges and/or .debug_rnglists sections. |
| "=str" | Displays the contents of the .debug_str, .debug_line_str and/or .debug_str_offsets sections. |
| "=pubtype" | Displays the contents of the .debug_pubtypes and/or .debug_gnu_pubtypes sections. |
| "=trace_aranges" | Displays the contents of the .trace_aranges section. |
| "=trace_abbrev" | Displays the contents of the .trace_abbrev section. |
| "=trace_info" | Displays the contents of the .trace_info section. |
| --dwarf-depth | With a non-zero value for n, DIEs at or deeper than n levels will not be printed. The range for n is zero-based. |
| --dwarf-start | If specified, this option will suppress printing of any header information and all DIEs before the DIE numbered n. Only siblings and children of the specified DIE will be printed. This can be used in conjunction with --dwarf-depth. |
| --process-links | Display the contents of non-debug sections found in separate debuginfo files that are linked to the main file. This option automatically implies the -wK option, and only sections requested by other command line options will be displayed. |
| --ctf | By default, display the name of the section named .ctf, which is the name emitted by ld. |
| --ctf-parent | If the CTF section contains ambiguously-defined types, it will consist of an archive of many CTF dictionaries, all inheriting from one dictionary containing unambiguous types. This member is by default named .ctf, like the section containing it, but it is possible to change this name using the "ctf_link_set_memb_name_changer" function at link time. When looking at CTF archives that have been created by a linker that uses the name changer to rename the parent archive member, --ctf-parent can be used to specify the name used for the parent. |
| --ctf-parent-section | This option lets you pick a completely different section for the CTF parent dictionary containing unambiguous types than for the child dictionaries that contain the ambiguous remainder. The linker does not emit ELF objects structured like this, but some third-party linkers may. It's also convenient to inspect CTF written out as multiple raw files to compose them with objcopy, which can put them in different ELF sections but not in different members of a single CTF dict. |
| --ctf-strings | If either of --ctf-symbols or --ctf-strings is specified, the other must be specified as well. |
| --histogram | Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the contents of the symbol tables. |
| --version | Display the version number of readelf. |
| --wide | Don't break output lines to fit into 80 columns. By default readelf breaks section header and segment listing lines for 64-bit ELF files, so that they fit into 80 columns. This option causes readelf to print each section header resp. each segment one a single line, which is far more readable on terminals wider than 80 columns. |
| --silent-truncation | Normally when readelf is displaying a symbol name, and it has to truncate the name to fit into an 80 column display, it will add a suffix of "[...]" to the name. This command line option disables this behaviour, allowing 5 more characters of the name to be displayed and restoring the old behaviour of readelf (prior to release 2.35). |
| --help | Display the command-line options understood by readelf. |
| @file | Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional @file options; any such options will be processed recursively. |
NAME
readelf - display information about ELF files
SYNOPSIS
readelf [-a|--all] [-h|--file-header] [-l|--program-headers|--segments] [-S|--section-headers|--sections] [-g|--section-groups] [-t|--section-details] [-e|--headers] [-s|--syms|--symbols] [--dyn-syms|--lto-syms] [--sym-base=[0|8|10|16]] [--demangle=style|--no-demangle] [--quiet] [--recurse-limit|--no-recurse-limit] [-Umethod|--unicode=method] [-X|--extra-sym-info|--no-extra-sym-info] [-n|--notes] [-r|--relocs] [-u|--unwind] [-d|--dynamic] [-V|--version-info] [-A|--arch-specific] [-D|--use-dynamic] [-L|--lint|--enable-checks] [-x <number or name>|--hex-dump=<number or name>] [-p <number or name>|--string-dump=<number or name>] [-R <number or name>|--relocated-dump=<number or name>] [-j <number or name>|--display-section=<number or name>] [-z|--decompress] [-c|--archive-index] [-w[lLiaprmfFsoORtUuTgAck]| --debug-dump[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=str-offsets,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index,=addr,=cu_index,=links]] [-wK|--debug-dump=follow-links] [-wN|--debug-dump=no-follow-links] [-wD|--debug-dump=use-debuginfod] [-wE|--debug-dump=do-not-use-debuginfod] [-P|--process-links] [--dwarf-depth=n] [--dwarf-start=n] [--ctf=section] [--ctf-parent=section] [--ctf-symbols=section] [--ctf-strings=section] [--sframe=section] [-I|--histogram] [-v|--version] [-W|--wide] [-T|--silent-truncation] [-H|--help] elffile...
DESCRIPTION
readelf displays information about one or more ELF format object files. The options control what particular information to display.
elffile... are the object files to be examined. 32-bit and 64-bit ELF files are supported, as are archives containing ELF files.
This program performs a similar function to objdump but it goes into more detail and it exists independently of the BFD library, so if there is a bug in BFD then readelf will not be affected.
OPTIONS
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are equivalent. At least one option besides -v or -H must be given.
- -a
- --all
Note - this option does not enable --use-dynamic itself, so if that option is not present on the command line then dynamic symbols and dynamic relocs will not be displayed.
- -h
- --file-header
Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start of the file.
- -l
- --program-headers
- --segments
Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers, if it has any.
- --quiet
Suppress "no symbols" diagnostic.
- -S
- --sections
- --section-headers
Displays the information contained in the file's section headers, if it has any.
- -g
- --section-groups
Displays the information contained in the file's section groups, if it has any.
- -t
- --section-details
Displays the detailed section information. Implies -S.
- -s
- --symbols
- --syms
Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it has one. If a symbol has version information associated with it then this is displayed as well. The version string is displayed as a suffix to the symbol name, preceded by an @ character. For example foo@VER_1. If the version is the default version to be used when resolving unversioned references to the symbol then it is displayed as a suffix preceded by two @ characters. For example foo@@VER_2.
- --dyn-syms
Displays the entries in dynamic symbol table section of the file, if it has one. The output format is the same as the format used by the --syms option.
- --lto-syms
Displays the contents of any LTO symbol tables in the file.
- --sym-base=[0|8|10|16]
Forces the size field of the symbol table to use the given base. Any unrecognized options will be treated as 0. --sym-base=0 represents the default and legacy behaviour. This will output sizes as decimal for numbers less than 100000. For sizes 100000 and greater hexadecimal notation will be used with a 0x prefix. --sym-base=8 will give the symbol sizes in octal. --sym-base=10 will always give the symbol sizes in decimal. --sym-base=16 will always give the symbol sizes in hexadecimal with a 0x prefix.
- -C
- --demangle[=style]
Decode (demangle) low-level symbol names into user-level names. This makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler.
- --no-demangle
Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
- --recurse-limit
- --no-recurse-limit
- --recursion-limit
- --no-recursion-limit
The default is for this limit to be enabled, but disabling it may be necessary in order to demangle truly complicated names. Note however that if the recursion limit is disabled then stack exhaustion is possible and any bug reports about such an event will be rejected.
- -U[d|i|l|e|x|h]
- --unicode=[default|invalid|locale|escape|hex|highlight]
Using the --unicode=escape option will display the characters as as unicode escape sequences (\uxxxx). Using the --unicode=hex will display the characters as hex byte sequences enclosed between angle brackets.
Using the --unicode=highlight will display the characters as unicode escape sequences but it will also highlighted them in red, assuming that colouring is supported by the output device. The colouring is intended to draw attention to the presence of unicode sequences when they might not be expected.
- -X
- --extra-sym-info
Enabling this option effectively enables the --wide option as well, at least when displaying symbol information.
- --no-extra-sym-info
Disables the effect of the --extra-sym-info option. This is the default.
- -e
- --headers
Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to -h -l -S.
- -n
- --notes
Displays the contents of the NOTE segments and/or sections, if any.
- -r
- --relocs
Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has one.
- -u
- --unwind
Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one. Only the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files, as well as ARM unwind tables (".ARM.exidx" / ".ARM.extab") are currently supported. If support is not yet implemented for your architecture you could try dumping the contents of the .eh_frames section using the --debug-dump=frames or --debug-dump=frames-interp options.
- -d
- --dynamic
Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one.
- -V
- --version-info
Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they exist.
- -A
- --arch-specific
Displays architecture-specific information in the file, if there is any.
- -D
- --use-dynamic
When displaying relocations, this option makes readelf display the dynamic relocations rather than the static relocations.
- -L
- --lint
- --enable-checks
Displays warning messages about possible problems with the file(s) being examined. If used on its own then all of the contents of the file(s) will be examined. If used with one of the dumping options then the warning messages will only be produced for the things being displayed.
- -x <number or name>
- --hex-dump=<number or name>
Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal bytes. A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file. This option can be repeated multiple times on the command line in order to request multiple hex dumps.
- -R <number or name>
- --relocated-dump=<number or name>
Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal bytes. A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file. The contents of the section will be relocated before they are displayed. This option can be repeated multiple times on the command line in order to request multiple relocated dumps.
- -p <number or name>
- --string-dump=<number or name>
Displays the contents of the indicated section as printable strings. A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name in the object file. This option can be repeated multiple times on the command line in order to request multiple string dumps.
- -j <number or name>
- --display-section
A number identifies a particular section by index in the section table; any other string identifies all sections with that name in the input file(s).
This option can be repeated multiple times on the command line in order to request multiple section dumps.
- -z
- --decompress
Requests that the section(s) being dumped by x, R or p options are decompressed before being displayed. If the section(s) are not compressed then they are displayed as is.
- -c
- --archive-index
Displays the file symbol index information contained in the header part of binary archives. Performs the same function as the t command to ar, but without using the BFD library.
- -w[lLiaprmfFsOoRtUuTgAckK]
- --debug-dump[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=str-offsets,=loc,=Ranges,=pubtypes,=trace_info,=trace_abbrev,=trace_aranges,=gdb_index,=addr,=cu_index,=links,=follow-links]
Displays the contents of the DWARF debug sections in the file, if any are present. Compressed debug sections are automatically decompressed (temporarily) before they are displayed. If one or more of the optional letters or words follows the switch then only those type(s) of data will be dumped. The letters and words refer to the following information:
- "a"
- "=abbrev"
Displays the contents of the .debug_abbrev section.
- "A"
- "=addr"
Displays the contents of the .debug_addr section.
- "c"
- "=cu_index"
Displays the contents of the .debug_cu_index and/or .debug_tu_index sections.
- "f"
- "=frames"
Display the raw contents of a .debug_frame section.
- "F"
- "=frames-interp"
Display the interpreted contents of a .debug_frame section.
- "g"
- "=gdb_index"
Displays the contents of the .gdb_index and/or .debug_names sections.
- "i"
- "=info"
Displays the contents of the .debug_info section. Note: the output from this option can also be restricted by the use of the --dwarf-depth and --dwarf-start options.
- "k"
- "=links"
Displays the contents of the .gnu_debuglink, .gnu_debugaltlink and .debug_sup sections, if any of them are present. Also displays any links to separate dwarf object files (dwo), if they are specified by the DW_AT_GNU_dwo_name or DW_AT_dwo_name attributes in the .debug_info section.
- "K"
- "=follow-links"
In addition, when displaying DWARF attributes, if a form is found that references the separate debug info file, then the referenced contents will also be displayed.
Note - in some distributions this option is enabled by default. It can be disabled via the N debug option. The default can be chosen when configuring the binutils via the --enable-follow-debug-links=yes or --enable-follow-debug-links=no options. If these are not used then the default is to enable the following of debug links.
Note - if support for the debuginfod protocol was enabled when the binutils were built then this option will also include an attempt to contact any debuginfod servers mentioned in the DEBUGINFOD_URLS environment variable. This could take some time to resolve. This behaviour can be disabled via the =do-not-use-debuginfod debug option.
- "N"
- "=no-follow-links"
Disables the following of links to separate debug info files.
- "D"
- "=use-debuginfod"
Enables contacting debuginfod servers if there is a need to follow debug links. This is the default behaviour.
- "E"
- "=do-not-use-debuginfod"
Disables contacting debuginfod servers when there is a need to follow debug links.
- "l"
- "=rawline"
Displays the contents of the .debug_line section in a raw format.
- "L"
- "=decodedline"
Displays the interpreted contents of the .debug_line section.
- "m"
- "=macro"
Displays the contents of the .debug_macro and/or .debug_macinfo sections.
- "o"
- "=loc"
Displays the contents of the .debug_loc and/or .debug_loclists sections.
- "O"
- "=str-offsets"
Displays the contents of the .debug_str_offsets section.
- "p"
- "=pubnames"
Displays the contents of the .debug_pubnames and/or .debug_gnu_pubnames sections.
- "r"
- "=aranges"
Displays the contents of the .debug_aranges section.
- "R"
- "=Ranges"
Displays the contents of the .debug_ranges and/or .debug_rnglists sections.
- "s"
- "=str"
Displays the contents of the .debug_str, .debug_line_str and/or .debug_str_offsets sections.
- "t"
- "=pubtype"
Displays the contents of the .debug_pubtypes and/or .debug_gnu_pubtypes sections.
- "T"
- "=trace_aranges"
Displays the contents of the .trace_aranges section.
- "u"
- "=trace_abbrev"
Displays the contents of the .trace_abbrev section.
- "U"
- "=trace_info"
Displays the contents of the .trace_info section.
Note: displaying the contents of .debug_static_funcs, .debug_static_vars and debug_weaknames sections is not currently supported.
- --dwarf-depth=n
With a non-zero value for n, DIEs at or deeper than n levels will not be printed. The range for n is zero-based.
- --dwarf-start=n
If specified, this option will suppress printing of any header information and all DIEs before the DIE numbered n. Only siblings and children of the specified DIE will be printed.
This can be used in conjunction with --dwarf-depth.
- -P
- --process-links
Display the contents of non-debug sections found in separate debuginfo files that are linked to the main file. This option automatically implies the -wK option, and only sections requested by other command line options will be displayed.
- --ctf[=section]
By default, display the name of the section named .ctf, which is the name emitted by ld.
- --ctf-parent=member
If the CTF section contains ambiguously-defined types, it will consist of an archive of many CTF dictionaries, all inheriting from one dictionary containing unambiguous types. This member is by default named .ctf, like the section containing it, but it is possible to change this name using the "ctf_link_set_memb_name_changer" function at link time. When looking at CTF archives that have been created by a linker that uses the name changer to rename the parent archive member, --ctf-parent can be used to specify the name used for the parent.
- --ctf-parent-section=section
This option lets you pick a completely different section for the CTF parent dictionary containing unambiguous types than for the child dictionaries that contain the ambiguous remainder. The linker does not emit ELF objects structured like this, but some third-party linkers may. It's also convenient to inspect CTF written out as multiple raw files to compose them with objcopy, which can put them in different ELF sections but not in different members of a single CTF dict.
- --ctf-symbols=section
- --ctf-strings=section
If either of --ctf-symbols or --ctf-strings is specified, the other must be specified as well.
- -I
- --histogram
Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the contents of the symbol tables.
- -v
- --version
Display the version number of readelf.
- -W
- --wide
Don't break output lines to fit into 80 columns. By default readelf breaks section header and segment listing lines for 64-bit ELF files, so that they fit into 80 columns. This option causes readelf to print each section header resp. each segment one a single line, which is far more readable on terminals wider than 80 columns.
- -T
- --silent-truncation
Normally when readelf is displaying a symbol name, and it has to truncate the name to fit into an 80 column display, it will add a suffix of "[...]" to the name. This command line option disables this behaviour, allowing 5 more characters of the name to be displayed and restoring the old behaviour of readelf (prior to release 2.35).
- -H
- --help
Display the command-line options understood by readelf.
- @file
Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional @file options; any such options will be processed recursively.
SEE ALSO
objdump(1), and the Info entries for binutils.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1991-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".