mariadb-binlog(1)

NAME#

mariadb-binlog - utility for processing binary log files (mariadb-binlog is now a symlink to mariadb-binlog)

SYNOPSIS#

mariadb-binlog [options]log_file...

DESCRIPTION#

The server's binary log consists of files containing “events” that describe modifications to database contents. The server writes these files in binary format. To display their contents in text format, use the mariadb-binlog utility. You can also use mariadb-binlog to display the contents of relay log files written by a slave server in a replication setup because relay logs have the same format as binary logs.

Invoke mariadb-binlog like this:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog [\noptions\n] \nlog_file\n ...

For example, to display the contents of the binary log file named binlog.000003, use this command:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog binlog.0000003

The output includes events contained in binlog.000003. For statement-based logging, event information includes the SQL statement, the ID of the server on which it was executed, the timestamp when the statement was executed, how much time it took, and so forth. For row-based logging, the event indicates a row change rather than an SQL statement.

Events are preceded by header comments that provide additional information. For example:

# at 141
#100309  9:28:36 server id 123  end_log_pos 245
\n
  Query thread_id=3350  exec_time=11  error_code=0

In the first line, the number following at indicates the starting position of the event in the binary log file.

The second line starts with a date and time indicating when the statement started on the server where the event originated. For replication, this timestamp is propagated to slave servers. server id is the server_id value of the server where the event originated. end_log_pos indicates where the next event starts (that is, it is the end position of the current event + 1). thread_id indicates which thread executed the event. exec_time is the time spent executing the event, on a master server. On a slave, it is the difference of the end execution time on the slave minus the beginning execution time on the master. The difference serves as an indicator of how much replication lags behind the master. error_code indicates the result from executing the event. Zero means that no error occurred.

The output from mariadb-binlog can be re-executed (for example, by using it as input to mariadb) to redo the statements in the log. This is useful for recovery operations after a server crash. For other usage examples, see the discussion later in this section.

Normally, you use mariadb-binlog to read binary log files directly and apply them to the local MariaDB server. It is also possible to read binary logs from a remote server by using the --read-from-remote-server option. To read remote binary logs, the connection parameter options can be given to indicate how to connect to the server. These options are --host, --password, --port, --protocol, --socket, and --user; they are ignored except when you also use the --read-from-remote-server option.

mariadb-binlog supports the following options, which can be specified on the command line or in the [mariadb-binlog] and [client] option file groups.

Display a help message and exit.

This option determines when events should be displayed encoded as base-64 strings using BINLOG statements. The option has these allowable values (not case sensitive):

For examples that show the effect of --base64-output and --verbose on row event output, see the section called “MARIADB-BINLOG ROW EVENT DISPLAY”.

The directory where character sets are installed.

The directory where character sets are installed.

This option causes mariadb-binlog to output entries from the binary log (local log only) that occur while db_name has been selected as the default database by USE.

The --database option for mariadb-binlog is similar to the --binlog-do-db option for mariadbd, but can be used to specify only one database. If --database is given multiple times, only the last instance is used.

The effects of this option depend on whether the statement-based or row-based logging format is in use, in the same way that the effects of --binlog-do-db depend on whether statement-based or row-based logging is in use.

Statement-based logging. The --database option works as follows:

INSERT INTO test.t1 (i) VALUES(100);
INSERT INTO db2.t2 (j)  VALUES(200);
USE test;
INSERT INTO test.t1 (i) VALUES(101);
INSERT INTO t1 (i)      VALUES(102);
INSERT INTO db2.t2 (j)  VALUES(201);
USE db2;
INSERT INTO test.t1 (i) VALUES(103);
INSERT INTO db2.t2 (j)  VALUES(202);
INSERT INTO t2 (j)      VALUES(203);

mariadb-binlog --database=test does not output the first two INSERT statements because there is no default database. It outputs the three INSERT statements following USE test, but not the three INSERT statements following USE db2.

mariadb-binlog --database=db2 does not output the first two INSERT statements because there is no default database. It does not output the three INSERT statements following USE test, but does output the three INSERT statements following USE db2.

Row-based logging. mariadb-binlog outputs only entries that change tables belonging to db_name. The default database has no effect on this. Suppose that the binary log just described was created using row-based logging rather than statement-based logging. mariadb-binlog --database=test outputs only those entries that modify t1 in the test database, regardless of whether USE was issued or what the default database is. If a server is running with binlog_format set to MIXED and you want it to be possible to use mariadb-binlog with the --database option, you must ensure that tables that are modified are in the database selected by USE. (In particular, no cross-database updates should be used.)

Write a debugging log. A typical debug_options string is 'd:t:o,file_name'. The default is 'd:t:o,/tmp/mariadb-binlog.trace'.

Print some debugging information when the program exits.

Print debugging information and memory and CPU usage statistics when the program exits.

Read this file after the global files are read.

Only read default options from the given file.

Default authentication client-side plugin to use.

Disable binary logging. This is useful for avoiding an endless loop if you use the --to-last-log option and are sending the output to the same MariaDB server. This option also is useful when restoring after a crash to avoid duplication of the statements you have logged.

This option requires that you have the SUPER privilege. It causes mariadb-binlog to include a SET sql_log_bin = 0 statement in its output to disable binary logging of the remaining output. The SET statement is ineffective unless you have the SUPER privilege.

Support flashback mode.

Force if binlog was not closed properly. Defaults to on; use --skip-force-if-open to disable.

With this option, if mariadb-binlog reads a binary log event that it does not recognize, it prints a warning, ignores the event, and continues. Without this option, mariadb-binlog stops if it reads such an event.

Display a hex dump of the log in comments, as described in the section called “MARIADB-BINLOG HEX DUMP FORMAT”. The hex output can be helpful for replication debugging.

Get the binary log from the MariaDB server on the given host.

Prepare local temporary files for LOAD DATA INFILE in the specified directory.

Don't read default options from any option file.

Skip the first N entries in the log.

Sets the open_files_limit variable, which is used to reserve file descriptors for mariadb-binlog.

The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (-p), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the password value following the --password or -p option on the command line, mariadb-binlog prompts for one.

Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. You can use an option file to avoid giving the password on the command line.

Directory for client-side plugins.

Print the program argument list from all option files and exit.

The TCP/IP port number to use for connecting to a remote server, or 0 for default to, in order of preference, my.cnf, $MYSQL_TCP_PORT, /etc/services, built-in default (3306). Forces --protocol=tcp when specified on the command line without other connection properties.

The connection protocol to use for connecting to the server. It is useful when the other connection parameters normally would cause a protocol to be used other than the one you want.

Requires -R. Output raw binlog data instead of SQL statements. Output files named after server logs.

Read the binary log from a MariaDB server rather than reading a local log file. Any connection parameter options are ignored unless this option is given as well. These options are --host, --password, --port, --protocol, --socket, and --user.

This option requires that the remote server be running. It works only for binary log files on the remote server, not relay log files.

Direct output to the given file. With --raw this is a prefix for the file names.

Updates to a database with a different name than the original. Example: rewrite-db='from->to'. For events that are binlogged as statements, rewriting the database constitutes changing a statement's default database from db1todb2. There is no statement analysis or rewrite of any kind, that is, if one specifies "db1.tbl" in the statement explicitly, that occurrence won't be changed to "db2.tbl". Row-based events are rewritten correctly to use the new database name. Filtering (e.g. with --database=name) happens after the database rewrites have been performed. If you use this option on the command line and ">" has a special meaning to your command interpreter, quote the value (e.g. --rewrite-db="oldname->newname".

Display only those events created by the server having the given server ID.

Add a SET NAMES charset_name statement to the output to specify the character set to be used for processing log files.

Display only the statements contained in the log, no extra info and no row-based events. This is for testing only, and should not be used in production systems. If you want to suppress base64-output, consider using --base64-output=never instead.

For connections to localhost, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use. Forces --protocol=socket when specified on the command line without other connection properties; on Windows, forces --protocol=pipe.

Start reading the binary log at the first event having a timestamp equal to or later than the datetime argument. The datetime value is relative to the local time zone on the machine where you run mariadb-binlog. The value should be in a format accepted for the DATETIME or TIMESTAMP data types. For example:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog --start-datetime="2014-12-25 11:25:56" binlog.000003

This option is useful for point-in-time recovery.

Start reading the binary log at N. Type can either be a positive integer or a GTID list. When using a positive integer, the value only applies to the first binlog passed on the command line, and the first event that has a position equal to or greater than N is printed. In GTID mode, multiple GTIDs can be passed as a comma separated list, where each must have a unique domain id. The list represents the gtid binlog state that the client (another "replica" server) is aware of. Therefore, each GTID is exclusive; only events after a given sequence number will be printed to allow users to receive events after their current state.

This option is useful for point-in-time recovery.

Process binlog according to gtid-strict-mode specification. The start, stop positions are verified to satisfy start < stop comparison condition. Sequence numbers of any gtid domain must comprise monotically growing sequence.

Stop reading the binary log at the first event having a timestamp equal to or later than the datetime argument. This option is useful for point-in-time recovery. See the description of the --start-datetime option for information about the datetime value.

This option is useful for point-in-time recovery.

Wait for more data from the server instead of stopping at the end of the last log. Implies --to-last-log.

The slave server_id used for --read-from-remote-server --stop-never.

Stop reading the binary log at the first event having a position equal to or greater than N. Type can either be a positive integer or a GTID list. When using a positive integer, the value only applies to the last log file named on the command line. When in GTID mode, multiple GTIDs can be passed as a comma separated list, where each must have a unique domain id. Each GTID is inclusive; only events up to the given sequence numbers are printed.

This option is useful for point-in-time recovery.

List entries for just this table (local log only).

Do not stop at the end of the requested binary log from a MariaDB server, but rather continue printing until the end of the last binary log. If you send the output to the same MariaDB server, this may lead to an endless loop, so this option requires --read-from-remote-server.

The MariaDB username to use when connecting to a remote server.

Reconstruct row events and display them as commented SQL statements. If this option is given twice, the output includes comments to indicate column data types and some metadata. If this option is given three times, the output includes diagnostic warnings about event integrity before program exit.

For examples that show the effect of --base64-output and --verbose on row event output, see the section called “MARIADB-BINLOG ROW EVENT DISPLAY”.

Display version information and exit.

You can also set the following variable by using --var_name=value syntax:

Specify the number of open file descriptors to reserve.

You can pipe the output of mariadb-binlog into the mariadb client to execute the events contained in the binary log. This technique is used to recover from a crash when you have an old backup. For example:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog binlog.000001 | mariadb -u root -p

Or:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog binlog.[0-9]* | mariadb -u root -p

You can also redirect the output of mariadb-binlog to a text file instead, if you need to modify the statement log first (for example, to remove statements that you do not want to execute for some reason). After editing the file, execute the statements that it contains by using it as input to the mariadb program:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog binlog.000001 > tmpfile\n
shell> ... \nedit tmpfile\n ...
shell> \nmariadb -u root -p < tmpfile

When mariadb-binlog is invoked with the --start-position option, it displays only those events with an offset in the binary log greater than or equal to a given position (the given position must match the start of one event). It also has options to stop and start when it sees an event with a given date and time. This enables you to perform point-in-time recovery using the --stop-datetime option (to be able to say, for example, “roll forward my databases to how they were today at 10:30 a.m.”).

If you have more than one binary log to execute on the MariaDB server, the safe method is to process them all using a single connection to the server. Here is an example that demonstrates what may be unsafe:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog binlog.000001 | mariadb -u root -p # DANGER!!\n
shell> \nmariadb-binlog binlog.000002 | mariadb -u root -p # DANGER!!

Processing binary logs this way using different connections to the server causes problems if the first log file contains a CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE statement and the second log contains a statement that uses the temporary table. When the first mariadb process terminates, the server drops the temporary table. When the second mariadb process attempts to use the table, the server reports “unknown table.”

To avoid problems like this, use a singlemariadb process to execute the contents of all binary logs that you want to process. Here is one way to do so:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog binlog.000001 binlog.000002 | mariadb -u root -p

Another approach is to write all the logs to a single file and then process the file:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog binlog.000001 >  /tmp/statements.sql\n
shell> \nmariadb-binlog binlog.000002 >> /tmp/statements.sql\n
shell> \nmariadb -u root -p -e "source /tmp/statements.sql"

mariadb-binlog can produce output that reproduces a LOAD DATA INFILE operation without the original data file. mariadb-binlog copies the data to a temporary file and writes a LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE statement that refers to the file. The default location of the directory where these files are written is system-specific. To specify a directory explicitly, use the --local-load option.

Because mariadb-binlog converts LOAD DATA INFILE statements to LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE statements (that is, it adds LOCAL), both the client and the server that you use to process the statements must be configured with the LOCAL capability enabled.

The temporary files created for LOAD DATA LOCAL statements are not automatically deleted because they are needed until you actually execute those statements. You should delete the temporary files yourself after you no longer need the statement log. The files can be found in the temporary file directory and have names like original_file_name-#-#.

MARIADB-BINLOG HEX DUMP FORMAT#

The --hexdump option causes mariadb-binlog to produce a hex dump of the binary log contents:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog --hexdump master-bin.000001

The hex output consists of comment lines beginning with #, so the output might look like this for the preceding command:

/*!40019 SET @@session.max_delayed_threads=0*/;
/*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
# at 4
#051024 17:24:13 server id 1  end_log_pos 98
# Position  Timestamp   Type   Master ID        Size      Master Pos    Flags
# 00000004 9d fc 5c 43   0f   01 00 00 00   5e 00 00 00   62 00 00 00   00 00
# 00000017 04 00 35 2e 30 2e 31 35  2d 64 65 62 75 67 2d 6c |..5.0.15.debug.l|
# 00000027 6f 67 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |og..............|
# 00000037 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
# 00000047 00 00 00 00 9d fc 5c 43  13 38 0d 00 08 00 12 00 |.......C.8......|
# 00000057 04 04 04 04 12 00 00 4b  00 04 1a                |.......K...|
#       Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.0.15-debug-log created 051024 17:24:13
#       at startup
ROLLBACK;

Hex dump output currently contains the elements in the following list. This format is subject to change. (For more information about binary log format, see http://forge.mysql.com/wiki/MySQL_Internals_Binary_Log.)

•
Master ID: The server ID of the master that created the event.

•
Size: The size in bytes of the event.

•
Master Pos: The position of the next event in the original master log file.

•
Flags: 16 flags. Currently, the following flags are used. The others are reserved for future use.

MARIADB-BINLOG ROW EVENT DISPLAY#

The following examples illustrate how mariadb-binlog displays row events that specify data modifications. These correspond to events with the WRITE_ROWS_EVENT, UPDATE_ROWS_EVENT, and DELETE_ROWS_EVENT type codes. The --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS and --verbose options may be used to affect row event output.

Suppose that the server is using row-based binary logging and that you execute the following sequence of statements:

CREATE TABLE t
(
\n
  id   INT NOT NULL,
\n
  name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
\n
  date DATE NULL
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
START TRANSACTION;
INSERT INTO t VALUES(1, 'apple', NULL);
UPDATE t SET name = 'pear', date = '2009-01-01' WHERE id = 1;
DELETE FROM t WHERE id = 1;
COMMIT;

By default, mariadb-binlog displays row events encoded as base-64 strings using BINLOG statements. Omitting extraneous lines, the output for the row events produced by the preceding statement sequence looks like this:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog \nlog_file\n
...
# at 218
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 258 	Write_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
BINLOG 'fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAANoAAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
fAS3SBcBAAAAKAAAAAIBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//8AQAAAAVhcHBsZQ=='/*!*/;
...
# at 302
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 356 	Update_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
BINLOG 'fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAC4BAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
fAS3SBgBAAAANgAAAGQBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA////AEAAAAFYXBwbGX4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP'/*!*/;
...
# at 400
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 442 	Delete_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
BINLOG 'fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAJABAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
fAS3SBkBAAAAKgAAALoBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP'/*!*/;

To see the row events as comments in the form of “pseudo-SQL” statements, run mariadb-binlog with the --verbose or -v option. The output will contain lines beginning with ###:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog -v \nlog_file\n
...
# at 218
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 258 	Write_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
BINLOG 'fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAANoAAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
fAS3SBcBAAAAKAAAAAIBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//8AQAAAAVhcHBsZQ=='/*!*/;
### INSERT INTO test.t
### SET
###   @1=1
###   @2='apple'
###   @3=NULL
...
# at 302
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 356 	Update_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
BINLOG 'fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAC4BAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
fAS3SBgBAAAANgAAAGQBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA////AEAAAAFYXBwbGX4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP'/*!*/;
### UPDATE test.t
### WHERE
###   @1=1
###   @2='apple'
###   @3=NULL
### SET
###   @1=1
###   @2='pear'
###   @3='2009:01:01'
...
# at 400
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 442 	Delete_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
BINLOG 'fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAJABAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
fAS3SBkBAAAAKgAAALoBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP'/*!*/;
### DELETE FROM test.t
### WHERE
###   @1=1
###   @2='pear'
###   @3='2009:01:01'

Specify --verbose or -v twice to also display data types and some metadata for each column. The output will contain an additional comment following each column change:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog -vv \nlog_file\n
...
# at 218
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 258 	Write_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
BINLOG 'fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAANoAAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
fAS3SBcBAAAAKAAAAAIBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//8AQAAAAVhcHBsZQ=='/*!*/;
### INSERT INTO test.t
### SET
###   @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
###   @2='apple' /* VARSTRING(20) meta=20 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
###   @3=NULL /* VARSTRING(20) meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=1 */
...
# at 302
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 356 	Update_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
BINLOG 'fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAC4BAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
fAS3SBgBAAAANgAAAGQBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA////AEAAAAFYXBwbGX4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP'/*!*/;
### UPDATE test.t
### WHERE
###   @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
###   @2='apple' /* VARSTRING(20) meta=20 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
###   @3=NULL /* VARSTRING(20) meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=1 */
### SET
###   @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
###   @2='pear' /* VARSTRING(20) meta=20 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
###   @3='2009:01:01' /* DATE meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
...
# at 400
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 442 	Delete_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
BINLOG 'fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAJABAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
fAS3SBkBAAAAKgAAALoBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP'/*!*/;
### DELETE FROM test.t
### WHERE
###   @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
###   @2='pear' /* VARSTRING(20) meta=20 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
###   @3='2009:01:01' /* DATE meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 */

You can tell mariadb-binlog to suppress the BINLOG statements for row events by using the --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS option. This is similar to --base64-output=NEVER but does not exit with an error if a row event is found. The combination of --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS and --verbose provides a convenient way to see row events only as SQL statements:

shell> \nmariadb-binlog -v --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS \nlog_file\n
...
# at 218
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 258 	Write_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
### INSERT INTO test.t
### SET
###   @1=1
###   @2='apple'
###   @3=NULL
...
# at 302
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 356 	Update_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
### UPDATE test.t
### WHERE
###   @1=1
###   @2='apple'
###   @3=NULL
### SET
###   @1=1
###   @2='pear'
###   @3='2009:01:01'
...
# at 400
#080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 442 	Delete_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
### DELETE FROM test.t
### WHERE
###   @1=1
###   @2='pear'
###   @3='2009:01:01'

You should not suppress BINLOG statements if you intend to re-execute mariadb-binlog output.

The SQL statements produced by --verbose for row events are much more readable than the corresponding BINLOG statements. However, they do not correspond exactly to the original SQL statements that generated the events. The following limitations apply:

CHAR(4) CHARACTER SET latin1
CHAR(2) CHARACTER SET ucs2

Proper interpretation of row events requires the information from the format description event at the beginning of the binary log. Because mariadb-binlog does not know in advance whether the rest of the log contains row events, by default it displays the format description event using a BINLOG statement in the initial part of the output.

If the binary log is known not to contain any events requiring a BINLOG statement (that is, no row events), the --base64-output=NEVER option can be used to prevent this header from being written.

COPYRIGHT#

Copyright 2007-2008 MySQL AB, 2008-2010 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2010-2025 MariaDB Foundation

This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it only under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.

This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1335 USA or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

NOTES#

1.

Bug#42941

SEE ALSO#

For more information, please refer to the MariaDB Documentation, available online at https://mariadb.com/docs/

AUTHOR#

MariaDB Foundation (http://www.mariadb.org/).