mapropos(1)

—

Options · 23

-a	Instead of showing only the title lines, show the complete manual pages, just like man(1)-a would. If the standard output is a terminal device and -c is not specified, use less(1) to paginate them. In -a mode, the options -IKOTW described in the mandoc(1) manual are also available.
-Cfile	Specify an alternative configuration file in man.conf(5) format.
-f	Search for all words in expression in manual page names only. The search is case-insensitive and matches whole words only. In this mode, macro keys, comparison operators, and logical operators are not available.
-k	Support the full expression syntax. It is the default for apropos.
-Mpath	Use the colon-separated path instead of the default list of paths searched for makewhatis(8) databases. Invalid paths, or paths without manual databases, are ignored.
-mpath	Prepend the colon-separated paths to the list of paths searched for makewhatis(8) databases. Invalid paths, or paths without manual databases, are ignored.
-Ooutkey	Show the values associated with the key outkey instead of the manual descriptions.
-Sarch	Restrict the search to pages for the specified machine(1) architecture. arch is case-insensitive. By default, pages for all architectures are shown.
-ssection	Restrict the search to the specified section of the manual. By default, pages from all sections are shown. See man(1) for a listing of sections.
( expr)	True if the subexpression expr is true.
expr1-aexpr2	True if both expr1 and expr2 are true (logical ‘and’).
expr1 [-o] expr2	True if expr1 and/or expr2 evaluate to true (logical ‘or’).
term	True if term is satisfied. This has syntax [[key[,key...]](=\|~)]val, where key is an mdoc(7) macro to query and val is its value. See Macro Keys for a list of available keys. Operator = evaluates a substring, while ~ evaluates a case-sensitive extended regular expression.
-iterm	If term is a regular expression, it is evaluated case-insensitively. Has no effect on substring terms.
Fa	function arguments appearing on Fn lines
Fn	function names marked up with Fo macros
In	include file names marked up with Fd macros
Vt	types appearing as function return types and
MANPAGER	Any non-empty value of the environment variable MANPAGER is used instead of the standard pagination program, less(1); see man(1) for details. Only used if -a or -l is specified.
MANPATH	A colon-separated list of directories to search for manual pages; see man(1) for details. Overridden by -M, ignored if -l is specified.
PAGER	Specifies the pagination program to use when MANPAGER is not defined. If neither PAGER nor MANPAGER is defined, less(1) is used. Only used if -a or -l is specified.
mandoc.db	name of the makewhatis(8) keyword database
/etc/man.conf	default man(1) configuration file

NAME

apropos, whatis — search manual page databases

SYNOPSIS

apropos	[ -afk ] [ -C file ] [ -M path ] [ -m path ] [ -O outkey ] [ -S arch ] [ -s section ] expression ...

The apropos and whatis utilities query manual page databases generated by makewhatis(8), evaluating expression for each file in each database. By default, they display the names, section numbers, and description lines of all matching manuals.

By default, apropos searches for makewhatis(8) databases in the default paths stipulated by man(1) and uses case-insensitive extended regular expression matching over manual names and descriptions (the NmandNdmacro keys). Multiple terms imply pairwise -o.

whatis is a synonym for apropos-f.

The options are as follows:

-a: Instead of showing only the title lines, show the complete manual pages, just like man(1)-a would. If the standard output is a terminal device and -c is not specified, use less(1) to paginate them. In -a mode, the options -IKOTW described in the mandoc(1) manual are also available.
-Cfile: Specify an alternative configuration file in man.conf(5) format.
-f: Search for all words in expression in manual page names only. The search is case-insensitive and matches whole words only. In this mode, macro keys, comparison operators, and logical operators are not available.
-k: Support the full expression syntax. It is the default for apropos.
-Mpath: Use the colon-separated path instead of the default list of paths searched for makewhatis(8) databases. Invalid paths, or paths without manual databases, are ignored.
-mpath: Prepend the colon-separated paths to the list of paths searched for makewhatis(8) databases. Invalid paths, or paths without manual databases, are ignored.
-Ooutkey: Show the values associated with the key outkey instead of the manual descriptions.
-Sarch: Restrict the search to pages for the specified machine(1) architecture. arch is case-insensitive. By default, pages for all architectures are shown.
-ssection: Restrict the search to the specified section of the manual. By default, pages from all sections are shown. See man(1) for a listing of sections.

The options -chlw are also supported and are documented in man(1). The options -fkl are mutually exclusive and override each other.

An expression consists of search terms joined by logical operators -a (and) and -o (or). The -a operator has precedence over -o and both are evaluated left-to-right.

( expr): True if the subexpression expr is true.
expr1-aexpr2: True if both expr1 and expr2 are true (logical ‘and’).
expr1 [-o] expr2: True if expr1 and/or expr2 evaluate to true (logical ‘or’).
term: True if term is satisfied. This has syntax [[key[,key...]](=|~)]val, where key is an mdoc(7) macro to query and val is its value. See Macro Keys for a list of available keys. Operator = evaluates a substring, while ~ evaluates a case-sensitive extended regular expression.
-iterm: If term is a regular expression, it is evaluated case-insensitively. Has no effect on substring terms.

Results are sorted first according to the section number in ascending numerical order, then by the page name in ascending ascii(7) alphabetical order, case-insensitive.

Each output line is formatted as

Where “name” is the manual's name, “sec” is the manual section, and “description” is the manual's short description. If an architecture is specified for the manual, it is displayed as

Resulting manuals may be accessed as

If an architecture is specified in the output, use

Macro Keys

Queries evaluate over a subset of mdoc(7) macros indexed by makewhatis(8). In addition to the macro keys listed below, the special key any may be used to match any available macro key.

Names and description:

Nm	manual name
Nd	one-line manual description
arch	machine architecture (case-insensitive)
sec	manual section number

Sections and cross references:

Sh	section header (excluding standard sections)
Ss	subsection header
Xr	cross reference to another manual page
Rs	bibliographic reference

Semantic markup for command line utilities:

Fl	command line options (flags)
Cm	command modifier
Ar	command argument
Ic	internal or interactive command
Ev	environmental variable
Pa	file system path

Semantic markup for function libraries:

Lb	function library name
In	include file
Ft	function return type
Fn	function name
Fa	function argument type and name
Vt	variable type
Va	variable name
Dv	defined variable or preprocessor constant
Er	error constant
Ev	environmental variable

Various semantic markup:

An	author name
Lk	hyperlink
Mt	“mailto” hyperlink
Cd	kernel configuration declaration
Ms	mathematical symbol
Tn	tradename

Physical markup:

Em	italic font or underline
Sy	boldface font
Li	typewriter font

Text production:

St	reference to a standards document
At	AT&T UNIX version reference
Bx	BSD version reference
Bsx	BSD/OS version reference
Nx	NetBSD version reference
Fx	FreeBSD version reference
Ox	OpenBSD version reference
Dx	DragonFly version reference

In general, macro keys are supposed to yield complete results without expecting the user to consider actual macro usage. For example, results include:

Fa: function arguments appearing on Fn lines
Fn: function names marked up with Fo macros
In: include file names marked up with Fd macros
Vt: types appearing as function return types and
: types appearing in function arguments in the SYNOPSIS

ENVIRONMENT

MANPAGER: Any non-empty value of the environment variable MANPAGER is used instead of the standard pagination program, less(1); see man(1) for details. Only used if -a or -l is specified.
MANPATH: A colon-separated list of directories to search for manual pages; see man(1) for details. Overridden by -M, ignored if -l is specified.
PAGER: Specifies the pagination program to use when MANPAGER is not defined. If neither PAGER nor MANPAGER is defined, less(1) is used. Only used if -a or -l is specified.

FILES

mandoc.db: name of the makewhatis(8) keyword database
/etc/man.conf: default man(1) configuration file

EXIT STATUS

The apropos utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

EXAMPLES

Search for ".cf" as a substring of manual names and descriptions:

Include matches for ".cnf" and ".conf" as well:

Search in names and descriptions using a case-sensitive regular expression:

Search for all manual pages in a given section:

Search for manuals in the library section mentioning both the "optind" and the "optarg" variables:

Do exactly the same as calling whatis with the argument "ssh":

The following two invocations are equivalent:

STANDARDS

The apropos utility is compliant with the IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 (“POSIX.1”) specification of man(1)-k.

All options, the whatis command, support for logical operators, macro keys, substring matching, sorting of results, the environment variables MANPAGER and MANPATH, the database format, and the configuration file are extensions to that specification.

HISTORY

Part of the functionality of whatis was already provided by the former manwhere utility in 1BSD. The apropos and whatis utilities first appeared in 2BSD. They were rewritten from scratch for OpenBSD 5.6.

The -M option and the MANPATH variable first appeared in 4.3BSD; -m in 4.3BSD-Reno; -C in 4.4BSD-Lite1; and -S and -s in OpenBSD 4.5 for apropos and in OpenBSD 5.6 for whatis. The options -acfhIKklOTWw appeared in OpenBSD 5.7.

AUTHORS

Bill Joy wrote manwhere in 1977 and the original BSDapropos and whatis in February 1979. The current version was written by Kristaps Dzonsons <[email protected]> and Ingo Schwarze <[email protected]>.