git-sparse-checkout(1)

NAME#

git-sparse-checkout - Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files

SYNOPSIS#

git sparse-checkout\n (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable | check-rules) [<options>]

DESCRIPTION#

This command is used to create sparse checkouts, which change the working tree from having all tracked files present to only having a subset of those files. It can also switch which subset of files are present, or undo and go back to having all tracked files present in the working copy.

The subset of files is chosen by providing a list of directories in cone mode (the default), or by providing a list of patterns in non-cone mode.

When in a sparse-checkout, other Git commands behave a bit differently. For example, switching branches will not update paths outside the sparse-checkout directories/patterns, and git commit -a will not record paths outside the sparse-checkout directories/patterns as deleted.

THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. ITS BEHAVIOR, AND THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHER COMMANDS IN THE PRESENCE OF SPARSE-CHECKOUTS, WILL LIKELY CHANGE IN THE FUTURE.

COMMANDS#

list

set

To ensure that adjusting the sparse-checkout settings within a worktree does not alter the sparse-checkout settings in other worktrees, the set subcommand will upgrade your repository config to use worktree-specific config if not already present. The sparsity defined by the arguments to the set subcommand are stored in the worktree-specific sparse-checkout file. See git-worktree(1) and the documentation of extensions.worktreeConfig in git-config(1) for more details.

When the --stdin option is provided, the directories or patterns are read from standard in as a newline-delimited list instead of from the arguments.

By default, the input list is considered a list of directories, matching the output of git ls-tree -d --name-only. This includes interpreting pathnames that begin with a double quote (") as C-style quoted strings. Note that all files under the specified directories (at any depth) will be included in the sparse checkout, as well as files that are siblings of either the given directory or any of its ancestors (see CONE PATTERN SET below for more details). In the past, this was not the default, and --cone needed to be specified or core.sparseCheckoutCone needed to be enabled.

When --no-cone is passed, the input list is considered a list of patterns. This mode has a number of drawbacks, including not working with some options like --sparse-index. As explained in the "Non-cone Problems" section below, we do not recommend using it.

Use the --[no-]sparse-index option to use a sparse index (the default is to not use it). A sparse index reduces the size of the index to be more closely aligned with your sparse-checkout definition. This can have significant performance advantages for commands such as git status or git add. This feature is still experimental. Some commands might be slower with a sparse index until they are properly integrated with the feature.

WARNING: Using a sparse index requires modifying the index in a way that is not completely understood by external tools. If you have trouble with this compatibility, then run git sparse-checkout init --no-sparse-index to rewrite your index to not be sparse. Older versions of Git will not understand the sparse directory entries index extension and may fail to interact with your repository until it is disabled.

add

reapply

The reapply command can also take --[no-]cone and --[no-]sparse-index flags, with the same meaning as the flags from the set command, in order to change which sparsity mode you are using without needing to also respecify all sparsity paths.

disable

init

Historically, set did not handle all the necessary config settings, which meant that both init and set had to be called. Invoking both meant the init step would first remove nearly all tracked files (and in cone mode, ignored files too), then the set step would add many of the tracked files (but not ignored files) back. In addition to the lost files, the performance and UI of this combination was poor.

Also, historically, init would not actually initialize the sparse-checkout file if it already existed. This meant it was possible to return to a sparse-checkout without remembering which paths to pass to a subsequent set or add command. However, --cone and --sparse-index options would not be remembered across the disable command, so the easy restore of calling a plain init decreased in utility.

check-rules

By default check-rules reads a list of paths from stdin and outputs only the ones that match the current sparsity rules. The input is expected to consist of one path per line, matching the output of git ls-tree --name-only including that pathnames that begin with a double quote (") are interpreted as C-style quoted strings.

When called with the --rules-file <file> flag the input files are matched against the sparse checkout rules found in <file> instead of the current ones. The rules in the files are expected to be in the same form as accepted by git sparse-checkout set --stdin (in particular, they must be newline-delimited).

By default, the rules passed to the --rules-file option are interpreted as cone mode directories. To pass non-cone mode patterns with --rules-file, combine the option with the --no-cone option.

When called with the -z flag, the format of the paths input on stdin as well as the output paths are \0 terminated and not quoted. Note that this does not apply to the format of the rules passed with the --rules-file option.

EXAMPLES#

git sparse-checkout set MY/DIR1 SUB/DIR2

git sparse-checkout disable

git sparse-checkout add SOME/DIR/ECTORY

git sparse-checkout reapply

INTERNALS — SPARSE CHECKOUT#

"Sparse checkout" allows populating the working directory sparsely. It uses the skip-worktree bit (see git-update-index(1)) to tell Git whether a file in the working directory is worth looking at. If the skip-worktree bit is set, and the file is not present in the working tree, then its absence is ignored. Git will avoid populating the contents of those files, which makes a sparse checkout helpful when working in a repository with many files, but only a few are important to the current user.

The $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout file is used to define the skip-worktree reference bitmap. When Git updates the working directory, it updates the skip-worktree bits in the index based on this file. The files matching the patterns in the file will appear in the working directory, and the rest will not.

INTERNALS — NON-CONE PROBLEMS#

The $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout file populated by the set and add subcommands is defined to be a bunch of patterns (one per line) using the same syntax as .gitignore files. In cone mode, these patterns are restricted to matching directories (and users only ever need supply or see directory names), while in non-cone mode any gitignore-style pattern is permitted. Using the full gitignore-style patterns in non-cone mode has a number of shortcomings:

First, two users are in a subdirectory, and the first runs
\n
   git sparse-checkout set '/toplevel-dir/*.c'
while the second runs
\n
   git sparse-checkout set relative-dir
Should those arguments be transliterated into
\n
   current/subdirectory/toplevel-dir/*.c
and
\n
   current/subdirectory/relative-dir
before inserting into the sparse-checkout file?  The user who typed
the first command is probably aware that arguments to set/add are
supposed to be patterns in non-cone mode, and probably would not be
happy with such a transliteration.  However, many gitignore-style
patterns are just paths, which might be what the user who typed the
second command was thinking, and they'd be upset if their argument
wasn't transliterated.

Second, what should bash-completion complete on for set/add commands
for non-cone users?  If it suggests paths, is it exacerbating the
problem above?  Also, if it suggests paths, what if the user has a
file or directory that begins with either a '!' or '#' or has a '*',
'\', '?', '[', or ']' in its name?  And if it suggests paths, will
it complete "/pro" to "/proc" (in the root filesystem) rather than to
"/progress.txt" in the current directory?  (Note that users are
likely to want to start paths with a leading '/' in non-cone mode,
for the same reason that .gitignore files often have one.)
Completing on files or directories might give nasty surprises in
all these cases.

For all these reasons, non-cone mode is deprecated. Please switch to using cone mode.

INTERNALS — CONE MODE HANDLING#

The "cone mode", which is the default, lets you specify only what directories to include. For any directory specified, all paths below that directory will be included, and any paths immediately under leading directories (including the toplevel directory) will also be included. Thus, if you specified the directory Documentation/technical/ then your sparse checkout would contain:

Also, in cone mode, even if no directories are specified, then the files in the toplevel directory will be included.

When changing the sparse-checkout patterns in cone mode, Git will inspect each tracked directory that is not within the sparse-checkout cone to see if it contains any untracked files. If all of those files are ignored due to the .gitignore patterns, then the directory will be deleted. If any of the untracked files within that directory is not ignored, then no deletions will occur within that directory and a warning message will appear. If these files are important, then reset your sparse-checkout definition so they are included, use git add and git commit to store them, then remove any remaining files manually to ensure Git can behave optimally.

See also the "Internals — Cone Pattern Set" section to learn how the directories are transformed under the hood into a subset of the Full Pattern Set of sparse-checkout.

INTERNALS — FULL PATTERN SET#

The full pattern set allows for arbitrary pattern matches and complicated inclusion/exclusion rules. These can result in O(N*M) pattern matches when updating the index, where N is the number of patterns and M is the number of paths in the index. To combat this performance issue, a more restricted pattern set is allowed when core.sparseCheckoutCone is enabled.

The sparse-checkout file uses the same syntax as .gitignore files; see gitignore(5) for details. Here, though, the patterns are usually being used to select which files to include rather than which files to exclude. (However, it can get a bit confusing since gitignore-style patterns have negations defined by patterns which begin with a !, so you can also select files to not include.)

For example, to select everything, and then to remove the file unwanted (so that every file will appear in your working tree except the file named unwanted):

git sparse-checkout set --no-cone '/*' '!unwanted'

These patterns are just placed into the $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout as-is, so the contents of that file at this point would be

/*
!unwanted

See also the "Sparse Checkout" section of git-read-tree(1) to learn more about the gitignore-style patterns used in sparse checkouts.

INTERNALS — CONE PATTERN SET#

In cone mode, only directories are accepted, but they are translated into the same gitignore-style patterns used in the full pattern set. We refer to the particular patterns used in those mode as being of one of two types:

Since cone mode always includes files at the toplevel, when running git sparse-checkout set with no directories specified, the toplevel directory is added as a parent pattern. At this point, the sparse-checkout file contains the following patterns:

/*
!/*/

This says "include everything immediately under the toplevel directory, but nothing at any level below that."

When in cone mode, the git sparse-checkout set subcommand takes a list of directories. The command git sparse-checkout set A/B/C sets the directory A/B/C as a recursive pattern, the directories A and A/B are added as parent patterns. The resulting sparse-checkout file is now

/*
!/*/
/A/
!/A/*/
/A/B/
!/A/B/*/
/A/B/C/

Here, order matters, so the negative patterns are overridden by the positive patterns that appear lower in the file.

Unless core.sparseCheckoutCone is explicitly set to false, Git will parse the sparse-checkout file expecting patterns of these types. Git will warn if the patterns do not match. If the patterns do match the expected format, then Git will use faster hash-based algorithms to compute inclusion in the sparse-checkout. If they do not match, git will behave as though core.sparseCheckoutCone was false, regardless of its setting.

In the cone mode case, despite the fact that full patterns are written to the $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout file, the git sparse-checkout list subcommand will list the directories that define the recursive patterns. For the example sparse-checkout file above, the output is as follows:

$ git sparse-checkout list
A/B/C

If core.ignoreCase=true, then the pattern-matching algorithm will use a case-insensitive check. This corrects for case mismatched filenames in the git sparse-checkout set command to reflect the expected cone in the working directory.

INTERNALS — SUBMODULES#

If your repository contains one or more submodules, then submodules are populated based on interactions with the git submodule command. Specifically, git submodule init -- <path> will ensure the submodule at <path> is present, while git submodule deinit [-f] -- <path> will remove the files for the submodule at <path> (including any untracked files, uncommitted changes, and unpushed history). Similar to how sparse-checkout removes files from the working tree but still leaves entries in the index, deinitialized submodules are removed from the working directory but still have an entry in the index.

Since submodules may have unpushed changes or untracked files, removing them could result in data loss. Thus, changing sparse inclusion/exclusion rules will not cause an already checked out submodule to be removed from the working copy. Said another way, just as checkout will not cause submodules to be automatically removed or initialized even when switching between branches that remove or add submodules, using sparse-checkout to reduce or expand the scope of "interesting" files will not cause submodules to be automatically deinitialized or initialized either.

Further, the above facts mean that there are multiple reasons that "tracked" files might not be present in the working copy: sparsity pattern application from sparse-checkout, and submodule initialization state. Thus, commands like git grep that work on tracked files in the working copy may return results that are limited by either or both of these restrictions.

SEE ALSO#

git-read-tree(1) gitignore(5)

GIT#

Part of the git(1) suite