git-bisect(1)

NAME#

git-bisect - Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug

SYNOPSIS#

git bisect\n <subcommand> <options>

DESCRIPTION#

The command takes various subcommands, and different options depending on the subcommand:

git bisect start [--term-(bad|new)=<term-new> --term-(good|old)=<term-old>]
\n
                 [--no-checkout] [--first-parent] [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] [<pathspec>...]
git bisect (bad|new|<term-new>) [<rev>]
git bisect (good|old|<term-old>) [<rev>...]
git bisect terms [--term-(good|old) | --term-(bad|new)]
git bisect skip [(<rev>|<range>)...]
git bisect reset [<commit>]
git bisect (visualize|view)
git bisect replay <logfile>
git bisect log
git bisect run <cmd> [<arg>...]
git bisect help

This command uses a binary search algorithm to find which commit in your project’s history introduced a bug. You use it by first telling it a "bad" commit that is known to contain the bug, and a "good" commit that is known to be before the bug was introduced. Then git bisect picks a commit between those two endpoints and asks you whether the selected commit is "good" or "bad". It continues narrowing down the range until it finds the exact commit that introduced the change.

In fact, git bisect can be used to find the commit that changed any property of your project; e.g., the commit that fixed a bug, or the commit that caused a benchmark’s performance to improve. To support this more general usage, the terms "old" and "new" can be used in place of "good" and "bad", or you can choose your own terms. See section "Alternate terms" below for more information.

Basic bisect commands: start, bad, good#

As an example, suppose you are trying to find the commit that broke a feature that was known to work in version v2.6.13-rc2 of your project. You start a bisect session as follows:

$ git bisect start
$ git bisect bad                 # Current version is bad
$ git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2    # v2.6.13-rc2 is known to be good

Once you have specified at least one bad and one good commit, git bisect selects a commit in the middle of that range of history, checks it out, and outputs something similar to the following:

Bisecting: 675 revisions left to test after this (roughly 10 steps)

You should now compile the checked-out version and test it. If that version works correctly, type

$ git bisect good

If that version is broken, type

$ git bisect bad

Then git bisect will respond with something like

Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this (roughly 9 steps)

Keep repeating the process: compile the tree, test it, and depending on whether it is good or bad run git bisect good or git bisect bad to ask for the next commit that needs testing.

Eventually there will be no more revisions left to inspect, and the command will print out a description of the first bad commit. The reference refs/bisect/bad will be left pointing at that commit.

Bisect reset#

After a bisect session, to clean up the bisection state and return to the original HEAD, issue the following command:

$ git bisect reset

By default, this will return your tree to the commit that was checked out before git bisect start. (A new git bisect start will also do that, as it cleans up the old bisection state.)

With an optional argument, you can return to a different commit instead:

$ git bisect reset <commit>

For example, git bisect reset bisect/bad will check out the first bad revision, while git bisect reset HEAD will leave you on the current bisection commit and avoid switching commits at all.

Alternate terms#

Sometimes you are not looking for the commit that introduced a breakage, but rather for a commit that caused a change between some other "old" state and "new" state. For example, you might be looking for the commit that introduced a particular fix. Or you might be looking for the first commit in which the source-code filenames were finally all converted to your company’s naming standard. Or whatever.

In such cases it can be very confusing to use the terms "good" and "bad" to refer to "the state before the change" and "the state after the change". So instead, you can use the terms "old" and "new", respectively, in place of "good" and "bad". (But note that you cannot mix "good" and "bad" with "old" and "new" in a single session.)

In this more general usage, you provide git bisect with a "new" commit that has some property and an "old" commit that doesn’t have that property. Each time git bisect checks out a commit, you test if that commit has the property. If it does, mark the commit as "new"; otherwise, mark it as "old". When the bisection is done, git bisect will report which commit introduced the property.

To use "old" and "new" instead of "good" and bad, you must run git bisect start without commits as argument and then run the following commands to add the commits:

git bisect old [<rev>]

to indicate that a commit was before the sought change, or

git bisect new [<rev>...]

to indicate that it was after.

To get a reminder of the currently used terms, use

git bisect terms

You can get just the old term with git bisect terms --term-old or git bisect terms --term-good; git bisect terms --term-new and git bisect terms --term-bad can be used to learn how to call the commits more recent than the sought change.

If you would like to use your own terms instead of "bad"/"good" or "new"/"old", you can choose any names you like (except existing bisect subcommands like reset, start, ...) by starting the bisection using

git bisect start --term-old <term-old> --term-new <term-new>

For example, if you are looking for a commit that introduced a performance regression, you might use

git bisect start --term-old fast --term-new slow

Or if you are looking for the commit that fixed a bug, you might use

git bisect start --term-new fixed --term-old broken

Then, use git bisect <term-old> and git bisect <term-new> instead of git bisect good and git bisect bad to mark commits.

Bisect visualize/view#

To see the currently remaining suspects in gitk, issue the following command during the bisection process (the subcommand view can be used as an alternative to visualize):

$ git bisect visualize

Git detects a graphical environment through various environment variables: DISPLAY, which is set in X Window System environments on Unix systems. SESSIONNAME, which is set under Cygwin in interactive desktop sessions. MSYSTEM, which is set under Msys2 and Git for Windows. SECURITYSESSIONID, which may be set on macOS in interactive desktop sessions.

If none of these environment variables is set, git log is used instead. You can also give command-line options such as -p and --stat.

$ git bisect visualize --stat

Bisect log and bisect replay#

After having marked revisions as good or bad, issue the following command to show what has been done so far:

$ git bisect log

If you discover that you made a mistake in specifying the status of a revision, you can save the output of this command to a file, edit it to remove the incorrect entries, and then issue the following commands to return to a corrected state:

$ git bisect reset
$ git bisect replay that-file

Avoiding testing a commit#

If, in the middle of a bisect session, you know that the suggested revision is not a good one to test (e.g. it fails to build and you know that the failure does not have anything to do with the bug you are chasing), you can manually select a nearby commit and test that one instead.

For example:

$ git bisect good/bad                   # previous round was good or bad.
Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this (roughly 9 steps)
$ git bisect visualize                  # oops, that is uninteresting.
$ git reset --hard HEAD~3               # try 3 revisions before what
\n
                                        # was suggested

Then compile and test the chosen revision, and afterwards mark the revision as good or bad in the usual manner.

Bisect skip#

Instead of choosing a nearby commit by yourself, you can ask Git to do it for you by issuing the command:

$ git bisect skip                 # Current version cannot be tested

However, if you skip a commit adjacent to the one you are looking for, Git will be unable to tell exactly which of those commits was the first bad one.

You can also skip a range of commits, instead of just one commit, using range notation. For example:

$ git bisect skip v2.5..v2.6

This tells the bisect process that no commit after v2.5, up to and including v2.6, should be tested.

Note that if you also want to skip the first commit of the range you would issue the command:

$ git bisect skip v2.5 v2.5..v2.6

This tells the bisect process that the commits between v2.5 and v2.6 (inclusive) should be skipped.

Cutting down bisection by giving more parameters to bisect start#

You can further cut down the number of trials, if you know what part of the tree is involved in the problem you are tracking down, by specifying pathspec parameters when issuing the bisect start command:

$ git bisect start -- arch/i386 include/asm-i386

If you know beforehand more than one good commit, you can narrow the bisect space down by specifying all of the good commits immediately after the bad commit when issuing the bisect start command:

$ git bisect start v2.6.20-rc6 v2.6.20-rc4 v2.6.20-rc1 --
\n
                   # v2.6.20-rc6 is bad
\n
                   # v2.6.20-rc4 and v2.6.20-rc1 are good

Bisect run#

If you have a script that can tell if the current source code is good or bad, you can bisect by issuing the command:

$ git bisect run my_script arguments

Note that the script (my_script in the above example) should exit with code 0 if the current source code is good/old, and exit with a code between 1 and 127 (inclusive), except 125, if the current source code is bad/new.

Any other exit code will abort the bisect process. It should be noted that a program that terminates via exit(-1) leaves $? = 255, (see the exit(3) manual page), as the value is chopped with & 0377.

The special exit code 125 should be used when the current source code cannot be tested. If the script exits with this code, the current revision will be skipped (see git bisect skip above). 125 was chosen as the highest sensible value to use for this purpose, because 126 and 127 are used by POSIX shells to signal specific error status (127 is for command not found, 126 is for command found but not executable—these details do not matter, as they are normal errors in the script, as far as bisect run is concerned).

You may often find that during a bisect session you want to have temporary modifications (e.g. s/#define DEBUG 0/#define DEBUG 1/ in a header file, or "revision that does not have this commit needs this patch applied to work around another problem this bisection is not interested in") applied to the revision being tested.

To cope with such a situation, after the inner git bisect finds the next revision to test, the script can apply the patch before compiling, run the real test, and afterwards decide if the revision (possibly with the needed patch) passed the test and then rewind the tree to the pristine state. Finally the script should exit with the status of the real test to let the git bisect run command loop determine the eventual outcome of the bisect session.

OPTIONS#

--no-checkout

This option may be useful when the test you would perform in each step does not require a checked out tree.

If the repository is bare, --no-checkout is assumed.

--first-parent

In detecting regressions introduced through the merging of a branch, the merge commit will be identified as introduction of the bug and its ancestors will be ignored.

This option is particularly useful in avoiding false positives when a merged branch contained broken or non-buildable commits, but the merge itself was OK.

EXAMPLES#

$ git bisect start HEAD v1.2 --      # HEAD is bad, v1.2 is good
$ git bisect run make                # "make" builds the app
$ git bisect reset                   # quit the bisect session

$ git bisect start HEAD origin --    # HEAD is bad, origin is good
$ git bisect run make test           # "make test" builds and tests
$ git bisect reset                   # quit the bisect session

$ cat ~/test.sh
#!/bin/sh
make || exit 125                     # this skips broken builds
~/check_test_case.sh                 # does the test case pass?
$ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 --   # culprit is among the last 10
$ git bisect run ~/test.sh
$ git bisect reset                   # quit the bisect session

Here we use a test.sh custom script. In this script, if make fails, we skip the current commit. check_test_case.sh should exit 0 if the test case passes, and exit 1 otherwise.

It is safer if both test.sh and check_test_case.sh are outside the repository to prevent interactions between the bisect, make and test processes and the scripts.

$ cat ~/test.sh
#!/bin/sh
# tweak the working tree by merging the hot-fix branch
# and then attempt a build
if      git merge --no-commit --no-ff hot-fix &&
\n
        make
then
\n
        # run project specific test and report its status
\n
        ~/check_test_case.sh
\n
        status=$?
else
\n
        # tell the caller this is untestable
\n
        status=125
fi
# undo the tweak to allow clean flipping to the next commit
git reset --hard
# return control
exit $status

This applies modifications from a hot-fix branch before each test run, e.g. in case your build or test environment changed so that older revisions may need a fix which newer ones have already. (Make sure the hot-fix branch is based off a commit which is contained in all revisions which you are bisecting, so that the merge does not pull in too much, or use git cherry-pick instead of git merge.)

$ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 --   # culprit is among the last 10
$ git bisect run sh -c "make || exit 125; ~/check_test_case.sh"
$ git bisect reset                   # quit the bisect session

This shows that you can do without a run script if you write the test on a single line.

$ git bisect start HEAD <known-good-commit> [ <boundary-commit> ... ] --no-checkout
$ git bisect run sh -c '
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        GOOD=$(git for-each-ref "--format=%(objectname)" refs/bisect/good-*) &&
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        git rev-list --objects BISECT_HEAD --not $GOOD >tmp.$$ &&
\n
        git pack-objects --stdout >/dev/null <tmp.$$
\n
        rc=$?
\n
        rm -f tmp.$$
\n
        test $rc = 0'
$ git bisect reset                   # quit the bisect session

In this case, when git bisect run finishes, bisect/bad will refer to a commit that has at least one parent whose reachable graph is fully traversable in the sense required by git pack objects.

$ git bisect start
$ git bisect new HEAD    # current commit is marked as new
$ git bisect old HEAD~10 # the tenth commit from now is marked as old

or:

$ git bisect start --term-old broken --term-new fixed
$ git bisect fixed
$ git bisect broken HEAD~10

Getting help#

Use git bisect to get a short usage description, and git bisect help or git bisect -h to get a long usage description.

SEE ALSO#

Fighting regressions with git bisect[1], git-blame(1).

GIT#

Part of the git(1) suite

NOTES#

1.

Fighting regressions with git bisect